AI Datacentres
The cost stack · The line-by-line accounting beneath the underwriting · May 2026

The cost
stack

AUD 1.26B of one-time capex. AUD 33M of annual opex. AUD 180M of thirty-year refresh. The line-by-line accounting beneath the underwriting calculator's defaults, with the Australian premia surfaced at the lines they bite.

Three small-multiples, sized to one another. Capex, opex, refresh — line by line. Lines marked with an accent pip carry an Australian premium named in the prose underneath.

Figure · Capex, opex, refresh — sized to one another
One-time capital, steady-state operating cost, and the thirty-year refresh profile, line by line. Australian premia marked in accent at the lines they bite.
One-time capex AUD 1,260M at 28 megawatts of energised capacity, AUD 45M per MW central deployed across 12–18 month build Power infra AUD 330M · 26% Shell + civil AUD 175M · 14% Cooling AUD 165M · 13% Soft + cap. int. AUD 155M · 12% Conting. 105M · 8% Grid 90M · 7% Land 80M · 6% M&E bal. 75M · 6% Network 50M · 4% Sec. 35M · 3% Steady-state opex AUD 33M / year at full utilisation; 22 per cent of revenue at the synthesis defaults power dominates Power AUD 22.0M · 67% Staffing 3.4M · 10% Maint. 2.4M · 7% Balance 5.2M · 16% Thirty-year refresh AUD 180M cumulative refresh capex profile across the hold; land and grid perpetual ~14 per cent of original capex Y0 Y5 Y10 Y15 Y20 Y25 Y30 AUD 50M 16M Y6 32M 70M 62M UPS first cycle Generators · UPS · MV switchgear Transformer · cooling · UPS Envelope · cooling · UPS final Perpetual · land freehold and grid connection rights — no refresh asked over the hold Capex Opex Refresh Australian premium bites at this line
One-time capex
AUD 1,260M
28 MW · AUD 45M / MW central · 12–18 month build · range AUD 35–60M / MW
  • Power infra330 · 26%
  • Shell + civil175 · 14%
  • Cooling plant165 · 13%
  • Soft + cap. int.155 · 12%
  • Six tail lines · contingency through security435 · 35%
Steady-state opex
AUD 33M / yr
22% of revenue · power dominates 67% · ~30–35 FTE
  • Power · energy + network + capacity22.0 · 67%
  • Site staffing3.4 · 10%
  • Maintenance contracts2.4 · 7%
  • Six tail lines · insurance through water5.2 · 16%
Thirty-year refresh
AUD 180M
cumulative across the hold · ~14% of original capex · land + grid perpetual
AUD 50M 16M 32M 70M 62M Y0 Y10 Y20 Y30 Y6 Y12 Y18 Y28
  • Y6UPS first cycle16M
  • Y12Generators · UPS · MV switchgear32M
  • Y18Transformer · cooling · UPS70M
  • Y28Envelope · cooling · UPS final62M
  • Land + grid connection · perpetual
Capex Opex Refresh Australian premium bites at this line
Sources for the line item amounts and ranges are named in the ledger underneath each section: Uptime Institute and JLL Datacenter Outlook for industry baselines; Hitachi Energy, GE Vernova, Siemens, ABB, Schneider Electric and Eaton for power-train pricing and lead times; Vertiv, Stulz and Munters for cooling; AEMO and the NSW Department of Climate Change and Energy for power; NEXTDC and AirTrunk public capex disclosures and recent NSW project filings for Australian comparators. Australian premia surfaced at the line they bite rather than aggregated separately.

Capex anchored at AUD 45 million per megawatt — at the upper end of the AUD 35–45M indicative range for premium colocation at Sydney metro, erred high deliberately. At twenty-eight megawatts: deployed capital AUD 1,260M, drawn over twelve to eighteen months with capitalised interest through energisation.

Two lines move the IRR; the rest is hygiene. Power infrastructure is the largest, with the binding lead-time at the transformer slot (Hitachi Energy, GE Vernova, Siemens, ABB run two to three years). Shell and civil works run twenty-five to forty per cent above US Sun Belt comparables. Senior infrastructure debt prices seventy-five to one hundred and twenty-five basis points wider than US equivalent.

Line
AUD M
Power infrastructure
Substation, transformers (130-350 MVA, 2-3 year lead from Hitachi / GE Vernova / Siemens / ABB), HV and MV switchgear (Schneider, Eaton), UPS, diesel generators with tanks, distribution. Range AUD 280-380M.
330
Shell, civil and envelope
Structural frame, building envelope, internal fit, raised floor, office and admin areas, earthworks. NSW build runs +25-40% over US Sun Belt per square metre. Range AUD 145-215M.
175
Cooling plant
Coolant distribution units (Vertiv, Stulz), rear-door heat exchangers for liquid-ready halls, chillers, dry coolers, pumps, pipework, coolant fill. Liquid-ready provisioning adds 10-15% over air-only baseline; budgeted in. Range AUD 140-200M.
165
Soft costs and capitalised interest
Architecture and engineering fees, construction management, legal, insurance during construction, capitalised interest over the 12-18 month build. Senior debt at +75-125 bps wider than US infrastructure debt. Range AUD 130-200M.
155
Contingency
10-12 per cent of hard costs; allocated against transformer-slot risk, NSW commissioning labour scarcity, and design-to-build deltas. Industry standard for greenfield. Range AUD 90-140M.
105
Grid connection contribution
Connection contribution to Endeavour Energy or Ausgrid, including 132 kV or 33 kV bus works, protection schemes, augmentation share. Macquarie Park and Sydney West corridor have capacity at 28 MW without queueing into AEMO at the gigawatt-class tier. Range AUD 70-120M.
90
Land and site acquisition
5-8 hectares Sydney West (Eastern Creek, Erskine Park) or Macquarie Park, with stamp duty, surveys, geotech, planning approvals. Industrial-zoned at scale, with grid headroom held adjacent for staged expansion. Range AUD 60-110M depending on precinct.
80
Mechanical and electrical balance
Fire suppression, building management system, DCIM, lighting, plumbing, BMS controls. Specialist commissioning labour is thinner in Australia than in Northern Virginia or Dallas; key trades imported. Range AUD 60-95M.
75
Network and fibre
Diverse fibre paths from multiple carriers into the meet-me room, internal copper and fibre, core network equipment. Sydney West and Macquarie Park carry depth on Telstra, TPG, Optus and Vocus. Range AUD 40-70M.
50
Security and compliance fitout
Perimeter, biometric access, mantraps, CCTV, secure visitor flow. Sovereign-cleared zones and IRAP-PROTECTED-equivalent enclaves where the customer mix calls for them. Range AUD 25-50M.
35
Deployed capital, 28 MW
1,260
Marks Australian premium bites: transformer slot lead times (power infrastructure); NSW construction +25-40% over US Sun Belt (shell + civil); senior infrastructure debt +75-125 bps wider than US (capitalised interest line within soft costs). Per-MW indicative range AUD 35-60M; the AUD 45M anchor errs to the protective side of the AUD 35-45M premium-colocation typical at Sydney metro.

At full utilisation: AUD 33M per year against AUD 149M of contracted revenue — twenty-two per cent of revenue, generous for a premium boutique service tier. Power dominates by an order of magnitude over the next-largest line.

Wholesale energy carries the most volatility. NEM pool prices in NSW averaged AUD 90–110 per megawatt-hour through 2025–26; a four-cent move in delivered power on a 28 MW site is roughly AUD 8–10M per year. Site staffing is the second-largest line, and the place the boutique service tier earns its premium — roughly thirty to thirty-five FTE at twenty-eight megawatts, with sovereign-cleared personnel at a scarcity premium where the customer mix admits classified workloads.

Line
AUD M / yr
Wholesale energy (NEM pool + retail margin)
~215 GWh per year at 70% IT load, PUE 1.25. NEM NSW average AUD 90-110 per MWh; long-tenor retail PPA at AUD 85-95/MWh achievable for boutique scale. Range AUD 14-19M.
16.0
Network UoS, environmental certificates, capacity
Network use-of-system charges to Endeavour or Ausgrid; LRET and SRES surrender obligations; capacity charges where applicable. AUD 25-35 per MWh of delivered energy. Range AUD 5-7M.
6.0
Site staffing
24×7 operations, security, specialist commissioning labour on retainer, customer success and account management for the boutique service tier; sovereign-cleared personnel at scarcity premium where the customer mix calls. ~30-35 FTE. Range AUD 3.0-4.0M.
3.4
Maintenance contracts
Mechanical and electrical service contracts, generator servicing and fuel testing, UPS battery monitoring, building maintenance. ~3% of replacement cost per year. Range AUD 2.0-3.0M.
2.4
Property and business interruption insurance
Property cover on the building and plant, business interruption against extended outage, professional indemnity for the operator. ~0.10% of insured value. Range AUD 1.0-1.6M.
1.3
Software, licenses and general admin
DCIM and BMS subscriptions, monitoring stack, financial systems, sales and marketing for the premium tier, accounting and legal. Range AUD 0.7-1.3M.
1.0
Council rates and land tax
NSW land tax on the freehold portion (above the threshold), council rates on the parcel, road levies. Sydney West rates lower than Macquarie Park. Range AUD 0.7-1.2M.
0.9
Compliance audits and certifications
Annual SOC 2 Type II, ISO 27001, IRAP assessment for PROTECTED-equivalent zones, penetration testing, compliance staff allocation. Range AUD 0.4-0.8M.
0.6
Connectivity and peering
Carrier cross-connect fees passed through net of customer recovery, internet transit if reselling, peering at Equinix Sydney IX. Range AUD 0.4-0.8M.
0.6
Water and sewerage
Sydney Water charges; small share at adiabatic-only or dry-cooler-led design. Liquid-ready halls minimise evaporative load. Range AUD 0.3-0.6M.
0.4
Annual opex, full utilisation
32.6
Site staffing carries the sovereign-cleared labour scarcity premium where the customer mix admits classified workloads. Power dominates the line at 67% of opex; a four-cent per kWh shift moves AUD 8-10M of operating cash flow per year. Sources: AEMO and the NSW Department of Climate Change and Energy on NEM pricing; NEXTDC and AirTrunk recent disclosures on operating cost structure; Uptime Institute industry benchmarks.

Cumulative refresh lands at AUD 180M across thirty years — about fourteen per cent of original deployed capital, in four events at years six, twelve, eighteen, and twenty-eight. Front-light, back-heavy: UPS battery cycles run small early; the mid-life transformer and cooling refresh at year eighteen is the largest single event; the year-twenty-eight envelope-and-cooling refresh runs at a similar scale ahead of the terminal sale. Land and grid connection rights are perpetual. The build is liquid-ready from the outset; a retrofit liquid-cooling intervention would add AUD 30–80M and is excluded.

Event
AUD M
UPS battery, first cycle
Lithium-ion strings replaced at the manufacturer's warranted end-of-life; partial replacement under maintained-N+1 redundancy. Range AUD 12-22M.
16
Generator overhaul + UPS second cycle + MV switchgear refresh
Diesel generators receive top-end overhaul and fuel-system service at ~10-12 year cycle; UPS strings refreshed in second cycle; medium-voltage switchgear receives major service. Range AUD 24-42M.
32
Transformer overhaul + cooling plant refresh + UPS third cycle
Power transformers serviced or replaced at the 15-20 year window with new transformer slot procurement on multi-year lead; cooling plant (chillers, CDUs, pumps, pipework) refreshed; UPS strings replaced in third cycle. The largest single event in the hold. Range AUD 55-95M.
70
Building envelope refresh + cooling second cycle + UPS final cycle
Building envelope works (cladding, roofing, weather sealing) at the 25-30 year boundary; cooling plant second-cycle replacement; final UPS cycle ahead of terminal sale. Range AUD 50-85M.
62
Land and grid connection
Freehold land carries no refresh obligation. The grid connection right is held in perpetuity at the energised bus, with periodic protection-scheme upgrades absorbed in the maintenance contract line of opex.
Cumulative refresh, 30-year hold
180
Liquid-cooling retrofit excluded from the central case; the build is liquid-ready from the outset. Where a future tenant mix calls for higher-density direct-to-chip distribution beyond the as-built provisioning, an AUD 30-80M intervention sits outside this envelope and would be funded against incremental rent. Sources: Uptime Institute lifecycle benchmarks, Vertiv and Eaton component MTBF disclosures, NSW infrastructure refresh comparables.

Three layers sit inside the facility but outside the owner's exposure under triple-net: GPUs and accelerators, customer networking and storage, and the customer-side operations. At 28 MW the fully-fitted tenant compute layer at Blackwell-generation pricing runs AUD 800M to AUD 1.5B — comparable in absolute scale to the fixed infrastructure underneath it, but on a three-to-six-year economic life rather than thirty. Stacked on the same site; not the same asset. Conflating them is the most common underwriting error in the current cycle. The REIT-and-infrastructure-fund thesis owns the fixed layer; the tenant owns the compute. The recommendation underwrites the first.

Build · 0–1.5 yrs
Capex draw against capitalised interest
AUD 1,260M drawn over twelve to eighteen months. Senior debt accrues capitalised interest until first revenue. Lead-time risk concentrates on the transformer slot — the line that sets the energisation date.
Ramp · Yrs 1–4
Partial capacity, full operating cost base
Energises at 22 MW; year-one captures roughly 7.5 MW; year-three sits at sixteen; year-four crosses into expansion. Staffing, maintenance, insurance largely fixed from energisation; per-MW operating cost runs higher during ramp than at steady state. Expansion to 28 MW staged between years three and four.
Steady · Yrs 5–30
Full utilisation; refresh emerging
Full revenue of AUD 149M against opex of AUD 33M; NOI of AUD 116M. Refresh capex begins at year six. Rent escalators tied to power and service inflation absorb energy-price volatility. Terminal value is bid by Australian institutional capital at year fifteen or year thirty depending on cycle.
Reconciles to synthesis & underwriting calculator

Deployed capital at 28 MW: AUD 1,260M. Sum of the ten capex lines: 330 + 175 + 165 + 155 + 105 + 90 + 80 + 75 + 50 + 35. Equals AUD 45M / MW × 28 MW.

Steady-state opex: AUD 33M / year. Sum of the ten opex lines: 32.6M, rounded. Equals 22 per cent of AUD 149M full revenue. Full NOI lands at AUD 116M; year-three NOI at the four-year linear ramp resolves to AUD 47M; unlevered yield 8.7 per cent at steady state; levered IRR 12.7 per cent at fifty-five per cent LTV and 6.5 per cent senior coupon.

Thirty-year refresh: AUD 180M cumulative. 16 + 32 + 70 + 62, distributed at Y6, Y12, Y18, Y28. ~14 per cent of original capex. Land and grid connection rights are perpetual and excluded.